Before the Injection

1. Some medications such as Kineret^® and Enbrel^® must be injected. These medications come with a kit and a device to inject the medication. Some patients however prefer not to use the kit but to do the injection themselves; much like an insulin injection would be done.
2. If your medication is refrigerated, remove the vials from the refrigerator 30 minutes before administration so it can reach room temperature.
3. Select a clean, dry work area.
4. Gather your supplies:
   - Medication
   - Sterile water
   - Sterile disposable needles and syringes
   - Alcohol pads or cotton balls and bottle of rubbing alcohol
   - Puncture-proof disposal container*
   - Bandaids
5. Wash your hands well before preparing your medication.

*HINT The container can be a coffee can or leak-proof, closable milk jug. Find out the proper way to dispose of biological waste in your area.

Preparing the Injection

Your doctor and/or clinic nurse will instruct you on preparing your particular dose of medication.

Giving Yourself the Injection

Select your injection site. This must be an area that has a layer of fat between the skin and the muscle. This is called subcutaneous. The following parts of your body have subcutaneous layers:

• outer surface of the upper arm
• top of thighs
• buttocks
• abdomen, except the navel or waistline

1. If you are very thin do not use the abdomen as an injection site.
2. Do not use the same site for injections each time.
3. Rotate your injection sites in a regular pattern. You should be at least 1 ½ inches away from the last injection site. Jot down on your calendar where you gave you last shot. This will help prevent giving the shot in the same place too soon.
4. Select a site and cleanse the area (about 2 inches) with a fresh alcohol pad, or cotton ball soaked in alcohol.
5. Wait for the site to dry.
6. Remove the needle cap.
7. Pinch a 2-inch fold of skin between your thumb and index finger.
8. Hold the syringe the way you would a pencil or dart. Insert the needle at a 45 to 90 degree angle to the pinched-up skin. The needle should be completely covered by skin. If you do this quickly, you will feel very little discomfort.
9. Hold the syringe with one hand. With the other, pull back the plunger to check for blood. If you see blood in the solution in the syringe, do not inject. Withdraw the needle and start again at a new site.
10. If you do not see blood, slowly push the plunger to inject the medication. Press the plunger all the way down.
11. Remove the needle from the skin and gently hold an alcohol pad on the injection site. Do not rub.
12. If there is bleeding, apply a bandage.
13. Immediately put the syringe and needle into the disposal container*.

Calculation of tablet administration

Formula

D (Desired dose)

H (Dose on hand)

V (Vehicle-tablet or liquid)

D
Hx V = Amount to Give

Example:1)  22mg milligrams of primaquine phosphate prescribed daily. On hand u have 7.5 miligrams tablet. How many tablet u need?

(22mg ÷ 7.5mg =2.93mg= 3 tablet)

2) 30 miligrams nifedipine is prescribed daily.On hand u have 2o miligrams tablet.How manyt ablet will u give?

(30mg÷20mg=1.5= 1 1/2 tablet)

Okay… Boleh kah anda selesaikan soalan yang lain.. Answer will be given later…

3) 1o milligrams isosorbide ntrate is priscribed for 3 hour. On hand u have 5 miligrams tablet. How many tablet do u need?

4) 12.5 miligrams of pericyazine is prescribed bd.On hand u have 2.5 miligrams tablet. How many tablet do u need?

5)9.5 miligrams of prazosin hydrochloride is priscribed bd. On hand u have 2 miligrams tablet. How many tablet do u need?

6)On hand u have 2 miligrams tablet. 2.5  miligrams of benztropine mesylate is prscribed. How many tablet do u need?

7) 17.5 miligram of enalapril is priscribed. On hand u have 10 miligram tablet. How many tablet do u need?

8.)0.4 grams of cimetidine is priscribed bd.On hand u have 800 miligrams tablet. How many tablet will u give?

Ok.. good… Now lets shift to anther formula

Calculation for fluid medication

Formula:   what do you want? X    What its in?   = DOSE

what you’ve got?

Example:-

1.Ordered:   Heparin 8000 units subcutaneous q12h
Available:   Heparin 10,000 units per ml
How much will you administer?

Formula:   8000 units X 1 ml = 0.8 ml
10,000 units

Ratio:  10,000 units : 1 ml = 8000 units : x
8000 units X 1 ml = 10,000 units x
8000 / 10,000       =  x
0.8 ml = x

Let’s start with exercise

1) 52.5 miligrams of pentazosine hydrocloide qid is prescribed.on hand u have 30 miligrams in 2 mililiters. How many will u administer?

2) 37.5 of fluphenazine 4 weekly is priscribed.On hand u have 50 miligrams in 2 mililiters. How many milliliter will u administer?

3)10 miligram of morphine tatrate 4 hourly is priscribed.On hand u have 400 miligrams in 5 mililiters. How many milliliter will u administer?

To all my blog reader/fan…(wah… dah ada fan tu..). Sorry lama aku tak update blog ni…. Lagipun busy dgn tugas-tugas harian. Masa dok saudi dulu… ok ler..byk masa yg aku boleh guna utk update blog ni. Sekarang.. masa ku semakin suntuk dengan tugasan harian yg mencabar jiwa dan mindaku….

And also wanna say sorry coz some of the topic i deleted for some reason… And but dont worry… I will come with new fresh topic specially for nurses in Malaysia.But this time we will have discussion about our nursing practice in Malaysia without touching sensitif issue.

I’ll be right back…

Seperti manusia, babi juga boleh mendapat selsema, tetapi virus untuk selsema babi tidak sama seperti virus yang menyerang manusia. Biasanya, swine flu jarang menyerang manusia unless seseorang yang ada direct contact dengan babi. Tetapi.. selsema babi yang terbaru kini, adalah berbeza. Swine flu ini disebabkan sejebis virus babi yang terbaru yang membenarkan penyebaran dari manusia kepada manusia walaupun orang tersebut tidak ada direct contact dengan babi.

Tanda-tanda jangkitan swine flu

-Tanda-tanda swine flu sama dengan tanda-selsema yang biasa. Antaranya:-

*demam, sakit tekak, running nose (selsema), batuk, sakit sendi, sakit tubuh badan,sejuk tubuh badan, pening kepala, cepat letih.

*Ada juga yang mempunyai simptom seperti cirit birit dan muntah-muntah.

-Seseorang akan mempunyai sekurang2 kurang 2 antara tanda di atas. Hanya unjian makmal dapat mengesahkan samada anda pengidap selsema babi atau tidak.

Siapakah yang mudah dijangkiti swine flu?

• Wanita mengandung
  
• Kanak-kanak bawah 12 tahun
• Mereka yang ada penyakit jantung atau risiko tinggi mendapat sakit jantung
• Penghidap HIV
• Mereka yang ada penyakit chronic (sakit buah pinggang, kencing manis)
• Mereka yang ada mengambil ubatan chemotheraphy, steroid

Cara-cara untuk mencegah penularan swine flu

*Jika terdapat tanda-tanda anda penghidap selsema babi, jangan keluar dari rumah, tutup mulut dan hidung jika bersin, gunakan tissue untuk tutup mulut, buang tissue di tempat sepatutnya, basuh tangan selepas bersin atau batuk.

*Jika anda berada di komuniti yang ada pengidap swine flu, berjumpalah dengan doktor. Doktor akan mengambil sample darah anda untuk mengesahkan anda positif atau negative swine flu. Jika anda didapati positif swine flue, doktor akan prescibe Tamiflu arau Relenza medication.

Kanak-kanak perlu dirawat secepat mungkin jika terdapat tanda-tanda

-Pernafasan yang laju atau susah untuk bernafas

-Kulit kebiru-biruan atau kelabu

-kurang minum air

-Menjadi pasif atau kurang berinteraksi atau kurang ceria

-selsema kemudia menjadi demam dan batuk yang teruk dan berterusan

-Demam dengan bintik-bintik merah

Orang dewasa perlu mendapatkan rawatan segera jika a

-Susah bernafas

-Sakit atau rasa tekanan pada dada dan perut (abdomen)

-Pening secara tiba-tiba

-Confuse, muntah yang teruk dan berterusan

Bagaimana swine flue boleh berjangkit?

-Ia berjangkit melalui udara iaitu apabila seseorang bersin, virus akan berada di udara . Titisan air akibat seseorang yang bersin, boleh melekat pada benda di sekeliling seseorang dan mereka yang bernafas akan menghidu virus yang ada di sekeliling mereka. Melalui sentuhan pula, orang yang memegang benda yang terkena titisan air tersebut, kemunkinan akan menyentuh mata, hidung, kulit orang lain atau diri sendiri. Dari situ.. jangkitan akan berterusan. Oleh itu… hand hygine amat penting. Basuh tangan setiap kali memegang sesuatu.

Mereka yang dijangkiti boleh bermula menyebarkan virus ini mampu menyebarkan walaupun tanpa simptom bermula sehingga tujuh hari selepas tanda2 selsema.